PPI use
What this marker measures
Whether the patient reported regularly taking proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medication.
Health categories/Interpretations informed by this marker
Gut environment
● Pro-inflammatory microbiome: high levels of oral species may be associated with PPI use.1,2
Interpreting the result
Patient management insights
Tips for patients discussion
"Your questionnaire responses show that you're taking an acid-reducing medication called a PPI every day. These medicines reduce stomach acid, which can also change the mix of microbes that reach your gut. Please don't stop or change your medication on your own. We'll look at your other results together, and if needed we can talk with your prescriber about whether your current dose is still right for you."
Source references for all clinical associations, interpretation definitions, and patient management insights on this card.
1. Zhu, J. et al. Compared to histamine-2 receptor antagonist, proton pump inhibitor induces stronger oral-to-gut microbial transmission and gut microbiome alterations: a randomised controlled trial. Gut (2023). doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330168
2. Zhernakova, A. et al. Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science 352, 565–569 (2016).
3. Jackson, M. A. et al. Proton pump inhibitors alter the composition of the gut microbiota. Gut 65, 749–756 (2016).
4. Mishiro, T. et al. Oral microbiome alterations of healthy volunteers with proton pump inhibitor. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 33, 1059–1066 (2018).